History of Canadas Death Penalty

Capital punishment was removed from the Canadian Criminal Code in 1976. It was replaced with a mandatory life sentence without possibility of parole for 25 years for all first-degree murders. In 1998 capital punishment was also removed from the Canadian National Defence Act, bringing Canadian military law in line with the civil law in Canada. Here is a timeline of the evolution of capital punishment and the abolition of the death penalty in Canada. 1865 Crimes of murder, treason, and rape carried the death penalty in Upper and Lower Canada. 1961 The murder was classified into capital and non-capital offenses. Capital murder offenses in Canada were premeditated murder and murder of a police officer, guard or warden in the course of duty. A capital offense had a mandatory sentence of hanging. 1962 The last executions took place in Canada. Arthur Lucas, convicted of the premeditated murder of an informer and witness in racket discipline, and Robert Turpin, convicted of the unpremeditated murder of a policeman to avoid arrest, were hanged at the Don Jail in Toronto, Ontario. 1966 Capital punishment in Canada was limited to the killing of on-duty police officers and prison guards. 1976 Capital punishment was removed from the Canadian Criminal Code. It was replaced with a mandatory life sentence without possibility of parole for 25 years for all first-degree murders. The bill was passed by a free vote in the  House of Commons. Capital punishment still remained in the Canadian National Defence Act for the most serious military offenses, including treason and mutiny. 1987 A motion to reintroduce capital punishment was debated in the Canadian House of Commons and defeated on a free vote. 1998 The Canadian National Defence Act was changed to remove the death penalty and replace it with life imprisonment with no eligibility for parole for 25 years. This brought Canadian military law in line with the civil law in Canada. 2001 The  Supreme Court of Canada ruled, in United States v. Burns, that in extradition cases it is constitutionally required that in all but exceptional cases the Canadian government seek assurances that the death penalty will not be imposed, or if imposed not carried out.

Civil Liberties And The Government Of The United States

Legal historian Geoffrey Stones claims that the government of the United States has in the past overreacted in times of war and crisis, and has seriously violated many civil liberties. A democracy requires high levels of civil rights, liberties, and political openness in order for its citizens to fully participate in political election, and other governmental activities; however, the demands of national security usually require much less openness, secrecy, and limitations on civil rights and liberties. Throughout history there have been times were large numbers of individuals have experienced political discrimination and have had great difficulty exercising their civil liberties. Ethnic minority groups, and immigrants have been among the most targeted by the government in times of crisis. Under conditions of war, American civil liberties and political participation are usually curtailed and violated in many ways by the government, usually with the active support of some groups and people in society. Times of national security threat are often accompanied by what historian Richard Hofstadter calls â€Å"the paranoid style in American politics.† In other words, war produces preoccupation with internal threats to national security, and some groups with in society are targeted as security ricks because of their ethnic or political belief. This paper will briefly explore different times and crisis were civil liberties have been obstructed by the government for national securityShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1479 Words   |  6 PagesSLO #1 Civil Liberties v Civil Rights Dylan Dang, GOV 2301 In today’s world, a country’s government has a monumental impact on how society functions. 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If in other lands the eternal truths of the past are threatened by intolerance, we must provide a safe place for their perpetuation. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1938 (Isaacs 66) Freedom of speechRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1318 Words   |  6 Pagesfor them. The United States has gone from being ruled by a king to a lose constitution to finally a constitution that has lasted many years. This constitution has gone through many changes in order to protect the rights of U.S. citizens. Moreover, these changes have occurred by much insistence and court cases from the people. Out of these changes, civil rights and civil liberties have erupted in order to protect the lives of citizens even more. Who we are as citizens of the United States can be characterizedRead MoreThe Liberties Of The United States853 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States, citizens have rights, and the United States Constitution guarantees these rights. The Bill of Rights states the basic liberties of the people of this nation in the first ten amendments in the U.S. Constitution. However, these liberties can be met with denied liberty, while sacrificing freedom, as people live in fear threatened by racism, religious beliefs, police brutality, invasion of privacy, and the horrific terrorism acts on United States soil. The first amendment protectsRead MoreDemocracy And Liberal Democracy827 Words   |  4 Pageschoice is an essential component to a liberal democracy as it gives the power to the people by having multiple political ideologies to choose from and elect as their government. When there is competition between multiple parties, each party has a critical opposition that can hold each party accountable and restrict their power within government. This gives the power to the people because it allows people to choose from multiple political ideologies. 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The American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan group that serves to protect the individual rights and liberties of American citizens and is considered a powerful interest group, especially within movements that advocate civil rights and civil liberty. Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir, and Tolbert define interests group as â€Å"individuals who organize to influence the government’s program and policies†Read MoreThe Power of Nightmares: Reaction Essay On Terrorism1486 Words   |  6 Pages Over the course of the twentieth century, numerous governments across the globe established organizations and agencies with aims of combating international terrorism. However, these agencies did not establish vast public attention or immense government spending until the fall of 2001. The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 marked the transformation of not only the American economy, but also a shift in public perceptions of terrorism, both at home and abroad. The

Use Of Alcohol By Adolescents Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(90) " societal norms are really of import and actuate them to predate the usage of intoxicant\." This papers chiefly contains the inside informations of the intoxicant usage among the grownups and it besides contains the cultural, ethical, economical facets of intoxicant usage by the underage childs. It discusses in item different schemes to command intoxicant usage among striplings and it besides the possible positive and negative results of the scheme adopted. Furthermore It discusses the composite scheme for intoxicant control. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Of Alcohol By Adolescents Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rearing manners and usage of intoxicant by the striplings The households of about four 1000 of under 18 old ages old kids were teamed into four groups ( of which two groups were more important, one was indulgent, other was inattentive ) .These groups were formulated on the footing of the kids evaluations of their parents in two types: acceptance/involvement and strictness/supervision. The childs were so allocated into following sets of consequences: psychosocial advancement, internalized hurt, school achievement and job public presentation. Results suggest that kids who consider their parents as more of undemocratic ( important ) are good in psychosocial competency and worst in psychological and behavioral disfunction ; the wholly opposite is the instance for kids who accept their parents as inattentive. Adolescents whose parents are characterized as autocratic are more submissive and more obedient but have comparatively less self-conceptions as comparison to other childs. However, kids from indulgent places have more assurance but have a h igher frequence of substance abuse, have bad behavior and are less engaged in school. ( sussie D.Lamborn, 1991 ) The nexus between rearing manner and kids intoxicant and other alcohols use, means intoxicant and baccy usage, was observed at the same time ( at age 14 ) for licit drug usage and longitudinally ( from age 14 to 17 ) for both licit and illicit drug usage in a group of 347 young person who were tested from schools in Reykjavik, Iceland. Results verified that kids who are of the position that their parents are more of control of them were able to predate intoxicant and were protected from intoxicant than the kids who consider their parents as inattentive. ( Sugrun Adalbjarnardottir, 2001 ) Disadvantages of intoxicant usage by adolescents The diseases that could go on due to intoxicants are pancreatic, liver harm, and actual shrinking, certain malignant neoplastic diseases of the encephalon. There are besides multiple short-run hazards are associated with the usage of intoxicant among adolescents but the professionals are concerned about crisp rise in adolescent intoxicant maltreatment and the possible negative wellness effects. Harmonizing to describe issued by the British medical association entitled â€Å" Alcohol and Young people † there was a uninterrupted addition among the11 to 15 old ages old kids who drink alcohol day-to-day, but there is an addition in the sum they are imbibing on each juncture. Effectss on encephalon development Research workers besides believe that during the adolescent age organic structure passes through important alterations. It is a clip when immature people start to associate them more with friends and leave their childhood contacts beyond. They want to set them in the societal environment. Exposing the encephalon to alcohol during this period may set an obstruction to of import procedures of encephalon development can do cognitive harm or farther imbibing. More intoxicant at one clip could do in a sickness emesis, reeling, dual vision, and an feeling of the room spinning. Harmonizing to one study issued by US authorities, named Prevention Alert and adolescent intoxicant maltreatment indicated many disadvantages â€Å" Subtle alcohol-induced stripling acquisition damages could damage occupational and academic advancement. In one survey, short term memory accomplishments were evaluated in those striplings who use intoxicant and who do non between the ages of 15 and 16. Those childs who were in greater usage of intoxicant were enduring from memory jobs. ( Adolescent Drug Abuse ) . Many surveies highlighted that memory jobs were most common among heavy users of intoxicant. There are other annihilating effects for striplings who get downing utilizing intoxicant in the early age. It is found that those who use intoxicant under the age of 15 have more opportunities of going once more the user of intoxicant in ulterior portion of their life. Apart from the fact that minor imbibing is against the jurisprudence, it poses a great danger to both the society and single. We will discourse some of the effects of adolescent intoxicant maltreatment. Accidents due to Alcohol Most of the study shows that rate of serious accidents due to alcohol drivers who aged 15 to twenty is twice the rate by intoxicant involved drivers of age 20 one and older ( Adolescent Drug Abuse ) Suicide Alcohol normally causes emphasis and depression, which finally causes self-destruction. In one study, it was mentioned that 30 seven per cent of 8th grade misss who drank in big sum tried self-destruction, compared with 11 per cent who did non take intoxicant. Immoral activities In one study about 10 per cent of female high school, pupils reported holding been raped. Research suggests that intoxicant usage largely increase the opportunities of sexual assault by a male. ( Adolescent Drug Abuse ) When Alcohol imbibing does happen Most of the striplings, that were interviewed, were of the position that imbibing occurs most of the clip of depression, anxiousness or to be made them socially acceptable. It has besides been observed that striplings were besides involved in heavy imbibing due to easy entree of intoxicant. Social alteration theories Many theories have been presented to protect striplings from utilizing alcohol some of the societal theories are discussed here: Social acquisition theory This theory suggests a squad attack for bar against alcohal among persons, communities and households. Team plays a critical function in learning kids to predate the usage of intoxicant ( E M Johnson ) . Development theory Young individuals are given self assurance and are motivated to accomplish something in their single community functions so that they are motivated to accomplish something for illustration as a rugger participant etc Behaviour theory It focuses more on single and made them recognize that societal norms are really of import and actuate them to predate the usage of intoxicant. You read "Use Of Alcohol By Adolescents Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" ( E M Johnson ) Social development theory In this theory, positive societal programmes are created which motivate persons to predate usage of intoxicant. ( E M Johnson ) Health behavior theory Health behavior theory is the based on a individual ‘s Behaviour for bar strategies.. ( E M Johnson ) Cognitive disagreement theory This theory proposes verbal intervention to set up or strength beliefs and attitudes, assisting immature individual to avoid imbibing How psychologists can assist to better the job of intoxicant usage among adolescent A psychologist can help the individual in heightening its motive to predate imbibing A psychologist can handle by measuring the type and badness of intoxicant jobs. This appraisal can supply usher to the drinker about what intervention to follow and assist to actuate the drinker to acquire intervention. Psychologists developed a figure of therapies, some of which are motivational sweetening theory and cognitive-behavioural header theory. These interventions provide 12 Step aid attacks that assist those enduring alcohol related jobs in utilizing self-treatment plans such as Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . These treatement can supply aid to heighten their will power and steer them to halt imbibing, place fortunes that pushes single to get down imbibing, absorb new methods to get the better of extremely risky intoxicant dosage, and develop societal support systems within their societal environment. Some of the cognitive-behavioural analysis found that 50 eight per cent of patients having cognitive-behavioural intervention were far better than other groups. Programs such as Alcoholic Anonymous greatly increased participants ‘ will of halting them from intoxicant. Mostly persons utilizing intoxicant suffer from other mental wellness conditions, such as terrible depression and anxiousness. Psychologists can supply counsel to those patients who are enduring from such sort of diseases. ( Patrick ) Psychologists can besides supply group and household therapies, which frequently are helpful for set uping person-to-person relationships and for work outing jobs of imbibing over the long period. Family relationships pose greater impact on imbibing behavior, for illustration, a kid may affect in imbibing due to careless attitude of parents. The psychologist can assist the drinker and others to go through successfully through these complex phases, aid households to understand job of imbibing and larn how to help household members in recovery, and to seek aid from ego aid groups. ( Prilleltensky.Isaac ) Because a individual may return to imbibing wont, it can be important to hold a sure psychologist. If the drinker is unable to decide intoxicant jobs to the full, a psychologist can assist him with cut downing intoxicant usage and minimising jobs. Psychologists can besides mention a individual to self-help groups. Even after formal intervention terminals, many people continue to seek aid from such groups. Alcohol-related upsets badly amendss working of different organic structure parts like liver, bosom etc. However, the chances for successful long-run job solution are good for people who seek aid from appropriate beginnings. ( American Psychologists Association, 2012 ) How the economic experts ameliorate the job of intoxicant usage Economicss ever contribute vitally to the preparation of intoxicant policy. It operates by specifying and comparing costs and benefits of intoxicant ingestion and related policy intercessions, including excise revenue enhancements. The by and large it is found that people used to take less intoxicant when intoxicant monetary values are high. Monetary value degrees, including excise revenue enhancements, are good tool at commanding intoxicant ingestion. Raising excise revenue enhancements would be in the involvement of society. Economic steps such as monetary value hiking can be helpful in cut downing intoxicant maltreatment and bettering public wellness. Economicss chiefly operates through analysis of cost benefit analysis, nevertheless economic sciences can non run entirely and balance has to be maintained between society good being and single autonomy. Consumption Forms In united provinces of America Wine, beer all contain ethyl intoxicant in differing sums. A standard drink consists of 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine each of which has about the same sum of ethyl alcohol ( about 0.6 ounces ) . Consumption of ethyl alcohol per individual ( age 14 and over ) increased in early 80 ‘s, and it was about two drinks per twenty-four hours. Average ingestion has declined since so by more than twenty per centum. It was all due addition in monetary values. ( America ) The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse in 1996 worked out that 60 five per centum of grownups had at least one drink during the last 12 months, while 50 per centum drank during the last month. The happening of self-reported imbibing lessenings in in-between age and is much lower for adult females than for work forces. ( J.Moore ) Demand for Alcoholic Beverages due to Economicss steps One thing that economic experts agree on is that if the monetary value of a trade good is increased, the measure purchased and consumed will diminish, other things being equal. Legal limitations, cultural norms, and regulations imposed by employers and other private organisations on where and when intoxicant can be consumed are all relevant. ( J.Moore ) Proposed action for commanding imbibing among grownups Some Research workers have established semi-structured interviews that provide valid and attested appraisals of intoxicant ingestion and its related intoxicant jobs. ( S.C.Carr F. B. ) These schemes help research workers to measure the graduated table of assorted alcohol-related jobs among college and non-college individuals and to measure their frequence. These schemes help research workers to analyze how alcohol-related jobs fluctuate in reaction to general population tendency, intoxicant bar and plans and new Torahs and policies. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) There are several other attacks, which mostly rely upon the psychological science of persons and demands cognitive therapies. Inner desires of persons of which they are normally incognizant frequently influence behavioral picks. Research in neuroscience and cognitive psychological science has significantly enhanced the capacity to measure the on the topographic point decision-making. Recently, this cognition has been applied to the job of college imbibing. As a consequence, contrivers are planing bar plans that do non presume that every pick college pupils make has been carefully considered before they are implemented. To suggest one action is hard because it would non be effectual so I would wish to advert the hierarchy of action that can be helpful. These are discussed below. Tier 1 scheme ( Based on inquirers given to pupils ) Using combination of cognitive-behavioural accomplishments and motivational sweetening intercessions. Cognitive-behavioural accomplishments strives to change an person ‘s operative beliefs and believing about the usage of intoxicant through procedures such as changing anticipations about intoxicant ‘s effects, entering day-to-day intoxicant ingestion, and larning to get the better of emphasis. Norms or values play a critical function in make up one’s minding the behavior of the individual in college and universities and if its norms and values are strong so he would be able to command himself and predate the intoxicant usage. It besides depends on the how strongly the values respond to the usage of intoxicant in the society if it reacts strongly the person would surely abstain himself from intoxicant usage. On the other manus, motivational sweetening is actuate the persons from inside so that they can go forth the intoxicant usage. Motivational theories chiefly concentrate on the person because this theory believes that persons are entirely responsible for altering their imbibing behavior formal showing instrument are used to judge the intoxicant ingestion by the pupils. Consequences are documented and pupils receive non-judgmental feedback on their personal imbibing behavior in comparing with that of others and its negative effects. Students besides receive suggestions to back up their determinations to alter. Application of the cognitive behavior and motivational sweetening scheme ( utilizing appraisal based instrument ) Motivational sweetening, developed by Marlatt proved to be really effectual in cut downing intoxicant ingestion. The plan was given the name of Alcohol Skills Training Program ( ASTP ) .It is a cognitive-behavioural intoxicant bar plan that teaches pupils basic rules of moderate imbibing and at the same clip motivates them to cut down high hazard imbibing. Controlled experiment surveies show that the ASTP well reduces imbibing rates and associated jobs for both 1-year and 2-year follow-up periods. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Scheme: Offer brief motivational sweetening intercessions It is besides observed that pupils who receive brief motivational intercessions of 45 proceedingss were successful in cut downing intoxicant ingestion. This scheme can besides turn out successful on get the better ofing inordinate imbibing, commendations for traffic misdemeanors, drive after imbibing and hurts. A utile brief intercession has been established at the University of Washington. This brief intercession for bad drinkers is based on the ASTP plan and is known as the BASICS plan: Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Student. Application of programme ( brief motivational sweetening intercessions ) Programme operated in the signifier of two stairss. First was to give a pupil ‘s feedback on their imbibing behavior and in 2nd measure they were given the chance to explicate a new program based on the rules of brief motivational intercession. Bad drinkers who attended the BASICS plan significantly reduced both imbibing jobs and intoxicant ingestion rates, compared to command group participants, at both the 2-year follow-up and 4-year follow up appraisal periods. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Scheme: Challenging intoxicant anticipations. This scheme operates by altering the outlooks of the pupils and altering their perceptual experiences about sexual attraction and societal attraction. Application of scheme utilizing appraisal based instrument The survey conducted to day of the month indicates that the positive effects of this scheme last for up to 6 hebdomads in participants. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General Populations That Could Be Applied to College Environments The undertaking force was formed for the implementing of this scheme. The Task Force recommends that college presidents, pupil and community leaders, campus intoxicant programme contrivers discover the schemes listed below because they have been successful with similar populations. These schemes do non claim to alter the behavior of each pupil, but they can assist alter those facets of the campus and community civilization that support excessive and underage intoxicant usage. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Scheme: Increased enforcement of minimal imbibing age Torahs The minimal legal imbibing age ( MLDA ) jurisprudence is the most good instrument in commanding the intoxicant ingestion. The legal age for purchase and ingestion of intoxicant has proved successful in this respect. It non merely mitigates alcohol ingestion but besides decreases the fatal accidents caused due to alcohol ingestion. Surveies indicate that policies should be implemented persistently otherwise, they will turn out unsuccessful. Enforcement of these policies should be implemented specifically conformity cheques on retail intoxicant outlets-typically cut down gross revenues to bush leagues by at least half. Attempts to cut down the usage of bogus age designation and prohibition on â€Å" place bringing † of intoxicant may besides helpful in accomplishing the coveted consequences. Scheme: Execution, increased promotion, and enforcement of other Torahs to cut down alcohol-impaired drive: Fatal accidents and related hurts due to alcohol can be overcame by take downing legal blood intoxicant bounds to.08 per centum for grownup drivers, utilizing soberness checkpoints and safety belt Torahs, peculiarly primary enforcement belt Torahs have been the major ground for cut downing traffic deceases and hurts. When California authorities constituted new belt jurisprudence that permits constabulary to halt vehicles and bear down a all right merely because a driver was non belted, safety belt usage rates increased 39 per centum among drivers compared to 23 per centum overall. This indicates that primary enforcement belt Torahs can forestall many alcohol-related traffic accidents. Scheme: Restrictions on intoxicant retail mercantile establishment denseness Different research workers have found that there is nexus between figure of intoxicant licences or mercantile establishments per population between the denseness of alcohol mercantile establishments, ingestion, and related jobs such as force, wellness jobs and other offenses. One survey found that there is higher degrees of imbibing and orgy imbibing among minor and older college pupils when a larger figure of intoxicants was sold within one stat mi of campus. Numbers of stores for alcohol sale may be banned straight or indirectly through policies that make licenses more hard to obtain such as increasing the monetary value of obtaining the licence. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Scheme: Increased monetary values and excise revenue enhancements on alcoholic drinks. A attested organic structure of research has shown that higher alcoholic drink monetary values or revenue enhancements are associated with lower degrees of intoxicant ingestion and alcohol-related jobs. Some surveies have look at these effects among immature people individually from the general population. Most such surveies have found that immature people exhibit important responses to monetary value or revenue enhancement alterations. The research states that higher beer monetary values mitigates imbibing among U.S. college pupils, but that monetary value is a comparatively weak instrument for act uponing these behaviours among college pupils, particularly among male member of the society. Some surveies have reported that higher revenue enhancements on intoxicant were linked with important decreases in fatal accidents or rummy drive, peculiarly among younger drivers and during dark clip hours. A few recent surveies have questioned these findings. However, ( Young A ; Liken, 2000 ) found no important effects of beer revenue enhancements in cut downing fatal accidents, either for immature drivers or the general population. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) . Scheme: Responsible drink service policies in societal and commercial scenes Surveies proposed that barmans, servers, and others in the cordial reception industry would welcome written policies about responsible service of intoxicant and preparation in how to implement them decently. Policies could include functioning alcohol in standard sizes, restricting gross revenues of hurlers, restricting service of intoxicant to drunk frequenters, advancing alcohol-free drinks and nutrient, and extinguishing last-call proclamations. Waiters and other staff could have preparation in accomplishments such as decelerating intoxicant service, declining service to drunk frequenters, look intoing age designation, and observing false designation. To forestall gross revenues to minor frequenters, it is of import to endorse designation policies with punishments for disobedience. Scheme: The formation of a campus and community alliance affecting all major stakeholders may be critical to implement these schemes efficaciously A figure of comprehensive community attempts have been designed to cut down intoxicant and other substance usage and related negative effects among under aged young person, including college pupils, and among grownups and their results demonstrate the possible effectivity of this attack in college communities. For illustration, the Community Trials Program, which focused on intoxicant injury in the general population, resulted in a important diminution in exigency room admittances for alcohol-related jobs. Application of this scheme ( appraisal based grounds ) Both this plan and Communities Mobilizing for Change which was designed specifically to cut down imbibing among immature people, resulted in decreased intoxicant gross revenues to bush leagues. In the communities mobilising undertaking individual aged 18 to 20 reduced their wont to supply intoxicant to other teens and were less likely to seek to devour intoxicant. The Massachusetts Saving Lives Program planned to cut down rummy drive and hurrying in the general population, produced comparative diminutions in intoxicant related serious accidents affecting drivers 15 to 25 old ages of age. College presidents, stakeholders, campus decision makers in campus-community alliances include pupil groups, module, community leaders, staff, jurisprudence enforcement, and representatives from intoxicant drink industries. Research shows that promoting community ownership of plans enhances success ( Holder, Saltz, Treno, Grube, A ; Voas, 1997 ) . Tier 3 Scheme: Adopting campus-based policies The undermentioned activities are peculiarly appealing because straightforward and comparatively brief ratings should stipulate whether they would be successful in cut downing bad imbibing on a peculiar campus. Programing alcohol-free, expanded late-night pupil activities.A Extinguishing keg parties on campus where underage imbibing is rampant. Reinstating Friday categories and tests to cut down Thursday dark partying, perchance forming Saturday forenoon categories. Using older, salaried occupant helpers or engaging grownups to carry through that function. Reject sponsorship gifts from the intoxicant industry to avoid any perceptual experience that minor imbibing is acceptable. Baning intoxicant on campus, including at module and alumni events. Establishing alcohol-free residence halls. Scheme: Increasing enforcement at campus-based events that promote inordinate imbibing Campus constabularies can transport out surprise topographic point cheques at events and parties on campus to guarantee that intoxicant service is monitored and that age designation is checked. It may be of import for non-students to implement these campus policies. Resident helpers and others charged with developing close supportive relationships with pupils might happen it hard to implement alcohol-related regulations and ordinances systematically and uniformly. Scheme: Increasing promotion about and enforcement of minor imbibing Torahs on campus and extinguishing â€Å" assorted messages. † As discussed antecedently, active enforcement of minimal legal age imbibing Torahs consequences in diminutions in gross revenues to bush leagues ‘ .Enforcement of State Torahs and local ordinances on campus may direct a â€Å" assorted message † to pupils about conformity with lawfully imposed imbibing limitations. Creative attacks are needed to prove the pertinence of this scheme. Scheme: Systematically implementing disciplinary actions associated with policy misdemeanors Inconsistent enforcement of alcohol-related regulations may suggest to pupils that â€Å" regulations are made to be broken. † To prove the effectivity of this scheme would probably necessitate staff and module preparation, frequent communicating with pupils, and the execution of a research constituent. Scheme: Conducting selling runs to rectify pupil misperceptions about intoxicant usage Based on the premiss that pupils overestimate the sum of imbibing that occurs among their equals and so model their ain behaviour to run into this perceived norm, many schools are now actively carry oning â€Å" societal norming † runs to rectify many of these misperceptions. Scheme: Provision of â€Å" safe drives † plans Safe rides attempt to halt drive after imbibing by supplying either free or low-priced transit such new wave birds and taxis from popular pupil locales or to their finishs. Safe drives are normally limited to pupils, module, staff, and a limited figure of â€Å" invitees. † Safe rides patrons frequently include student wellness Centres, Greek Councils, Mothers Against Drunk Driving chapters, and other local community organisations, concerns, campus constabulary and authorities. Scheme: Regulation of happy hours and gross revenues Many bars near campuses attract pupils by advancing drink specials ( such as two drinks for the monetary value of one or adult females drink for free ) limitations on happy hours have the possible to decrease inordinate ingestion off campus. If colleges and universities have a accredited constitution on campus, drink specials could be restricted or publicity of alcohol-free drinks and nutrient specials could be encouraged. Campus that operates without any licence and service intoxicant, event contrivers could choose to restrict the sum of free intoxicant that is available and extinguish all self-service. Schools could besides restrict intoxicant usage to weekends or after regular category hours in an effort to divide imbibing from activities more closely associated with the premier academic mission. Scheme: Informing new pupils and their parents about intoxicant policies and punishments before arrival and during orientation periods. It has been noted that many pupils begin imbibing to a great extent during first six hebdomads. Giving consciousness to parents and pupils to this possibility early on ( e.g. , through pre admittance letters to parents and inclusion of information in orientation Sessionss and in presidents ‘ and pupil leaders ‘ welcoming addresss ) may assist halt the development of jobs during this critical, sensitive period. Commercially available intercession Numerous intercession merchandises are available commercially and may include schemes described in this study. However, the current organic structure of equal reviewed appraising research is deficient to let nonsubjective appraisal of their efficaciousness among college age populations. Such plans were needfully excluded from the Task Force Report ‘s evidence-based hierarchy of bar schemes. Additional research may good set up grounds of efficaciousness for some or all of these plans. In the interim, if colleges and universities implement one or more of these plans, the Task Force strongly recommends that thorough plan rating be implemented every bit good, with careful attending to measuring plan effects in relation to plan costs and easiness of execution. As with any rating, it is necessary that both positive and negative findings be disseminated widely, through publication in peer-reviewed diaries when possible. Criticism on the intercession attack The Task Force makes out that it is hard or impossible to â€Å" turn out † that a specific intercession attack is universally unproductive. However, when there are dependable findings across a broad assortment of well-designed surveies, it is possible to reason that an attack is non likely to be utile and that limited resources should be used in other ways. Additionally, if there is strong grounds that an intercession attack is really harmful or counterproductive, recommendations non to utilize it can be made based on fewer surveies. The Task Force besides notes that some intercessions may be uneffective when used in isolation, but might do an of import part as portion of a multi constituent integrated set of plans and activities. However, until there is grounds of a complementary or interactive consequence ensuing from inclusion with other schemes, college decision makers are cautioned against doing premises of effectivity without scientific grounds. Scheme: Informational, knowledge-based, or values clarification intercessions about intoxicant and the jobs related to its inordinate usage, when used entirely This scheme is based on the premise that college pupils greatly use intoxicant because they lack cognition and an addition in cognition would take to a lessening in usage. Although educational constituents are built-in to some successful intercessions, they do non look to be effectual in isolation. Despite this grounds, informational/educational schemes are the most normally utilised techniques for separately focused bar on college campuses. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Scheme: Supplying blood intoxicant content feedback to pupils. It could be used as portion of a research rating or to deter pupils from driving while under the influence or go oning to imbibe past poisoning. Supplying this information to pupils who are imbibing must be approached with attention. If feedback is to be provided in realistic scenes, the process should be carefully monitored for unfavorable effects and adjusted as necessary. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Table I and II are added in Appendix Positive and negative results of the attack ( Criticism on the overall attack ) The attacks used above to counter the intoxicant usage among the striplings might be really effectual and it may diminish the usage of intoxicant among the striplings but one thing that is really much under treatment is that single autonomy might be at hazard. Intervention by the psychologists or other decision makers may impact believing abilities of the striplings and it may impair their other abilities as good. It may besides resentment among those who are involved in the concern of intoxicant merchandising and purchasing. Another result of this attack might be that pupils might be overloaded with work as we discussed early that Saturdays and weekend should acquire pupils busy so that they can non imbibe. Third, any attack can non be successful until and unless parents does non acquire boycott them the usage of intoxicant. As a consequence, the parents would besides experience force per unit area to boycott intoxicant, otherwise their kids will copy them. However, this attack looks comprehensive overall and it may promote striplings to predate the usage of intoxicant. Family schemes adopted by some New York households Several beginnings have suggested household engagement as of import for the success of alcohol bar schemes. Family factors, such as parent-child relationships, subject methods, communicating, supervising and monitoring and parental engagement, can significantly act upon intoxicant usage among young person. Some of the New York households were confronting jobs due to alcohol usage by their striplings. Therefore, research workers advised them to utilize household schemes to undertake these jobs. So the household strategies they used are discussed below: Home-based parent-child activities ; household skills preparation ; behavioral parent preparation ; and behavioural household therapies were used. Reviews of household accomplishments developing indicated that sweetening of the following parenting accomplishments is of import for the bar of intoxicant usage. Bettering parent-child dealingss by utilizing positive support, listening and communicating accomplishments, and job resolution. ( L.Culbertson, 2010 ) Supplying consistent subject and rulemaking Monitoring kids ‘s activities during adolescence Strengthening household bonding. Assorted surveies have identified several constituents that contribute to the success of household based bar intercessions. One major constituent is a focal point on accomplishment development instead than on simple instruction about appropriate parenting patterns. Another of import constituent is the engagement of both parents and kids in single and group preparation Sessionss. Several surveies have found that parent and household preparation plans both improve parenting accomplishments and cut down job behaviours among kids. ( Diaz, 2000 ) A less intense household engagement attack is based on including parents in prep assignments around issues of intoxicant usage, thereby increasing the likeliness that intoxicant, baccy, and other drug usage is discussed at place, and potentially heightening rearing accomplishments by increasing communicating between parent and kid and supplying behavioural tips to parents. ( Kelli A.Komro ) Pattern of Alcoholism in Different cultural groups including Jews in America Berkeley ‘s Alcohol Research Group has carefully explored the demographics of intoxicant troubles in the U.S. One sole determination was that in conservative Protestant parts and dry parts of the state, which have low overall intoxicant ingestion, orgy imbibing and related jobs are common. Similarly, research at the Rand Corporation found that the parts of the state with the lowest intoxicant ingestion and highest abstention rates, viz. the South and Midwest, had the highest incidence of intervention for alcohol addiction. ( Stanton Peele ) Meanwhile, cultural groups such as Judaic and Italian-Americans have really low abstention rates ( under 10 per centum compared with a 3rd of Americans at big ) and besides modest serious job imbibing. Psychiatrist George Vaillant found that Irish-American work forces in an urban Boston population had a rate of intoxicant trust over their life-times 7 times every bit great as those from Mediterranean backgrounds ( Grecian, Italian, Judaic ) . These findings are readily apprehensible in footings of different forms of imbibing and attitudes towards alcohol in different cultural groups. Harmonizing to Vaillant, for illustration, â€Å" It is steady with Irish civilization to see the usage of intoxicant in footings of black or white, good or evil, drunkenness or complete abstention. † In groups that demonetize intoxicant, any exposure to alcohol carries a high hazard of surplus. Therefore, inebriation and misbehavior become frequent, about accepted, results of imbibing. On the other side of the coin, the civilizations that view alcohol as a normal and enjoyable portion of repasts, jubilations, and spiritual ceremonials are least tolerant of intoxicant maltreatment. These civilizations, which do non believe intoxicant has the power to get the better of single opposition, disapprove of excess and do non digest destructive imbibing. ( Katz, 2003 ) ( Stanton Peele ) Appendix Table I ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Table II ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) How to cite Use Of Alcohol By Adolescents Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Is Old Age a Curse free essay sample

It is then children began to see their parents as burden. It is these parents who at times wander out of their homes or are thrown out. Some dump their old parents or grandparents in old-age homes and dont even come to visit them anymore. Delhi has nearly 11 lakh senior citizens but there are only 4 governments run homes for them and 31 by NGOs, private agencies and charitable trusts. The facilities are lacking in government run homes. Taking care of the old is increasingly becoming a threat to the younger generation. In our present-day society, where money is the measure of everything, the elderly are looked upon as an economic liability and a social burden. The prospect of loneliness often accompanies the process of aging. In fact, many old people, unable to bear this loneliness, commit suicide, and many are clamoring for the right to die rather than be forced to live with the indignities and hopelessness of old age. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Old Age a Curse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aging also hardens the likes and dislikes of a person—his or her prejudices, perceptions, and value judgments that refuse to acknowledge the reality of aging.Many people get extremely panicky when they become old. In their earlier years, they never paused to think of this inevitability and now they are emotionally ill prepared to accept the fact. They become fearful and depressed. Old age has become a widespread social problem in our time. Improvement in diet, technology, and medicine has increased the longevity of a person. People are living much longer than ever before. The Census Bureau anticipates that sixty-two million people, or almost one in five Americans, will be aged 65 and older by 2025,4 and that number will continue to rise as the years go by.Leaders and thinkers are struggling to find a solution for the problem of old age. There are some in the United States who are advocating the idea that there is a duty for the elderly to die, saying: It is a moral responsibility to make room for the young. As leaves fall from the trees in the fall, so old people have a duty to die. .. To have reached the age of, say, 75 or 80 years without being ready to die is itself a moral failing, the sign of a life out of touch with lifes basic realities. The author John Hardwig, in his article, Is There a Duty to Die? advocates that there already is a legal right to refuse life-prolonging medical treatment and claims that a duty to die can go well beyond that There may be a fairly common responsibility to end ones life in the absence of any terminal illness. Indeed, there can be a duty to die even when one would prefer to live. Well the above said all are famous quotes and sentences on old age said by famous writers and peoples. Well the moment we are hearing the word OLD, if there is an Indian he’ll mostly thinking of the place Old age home.Why is that? The ideas of old age homes were first proposed by western countries. In western countries the professionals who were very busy to look after their parents while working introduced the system old age homes. Well as TRYING to be more modern India also copied the same system. But the fact is that now a days the western countries identified the defects of having children without elder people care and are now thinking of elders as assets of their life. But don’t know why Indians are not seeing it as modern.The soulless Indian still thinks it’s less easy to dump their parents than looking after them†¦ For the protection of old people constitution of India has included some laws commonly called as Rights of the Elderly. They are given below†¦ Rights of the Elderly * Parents cannot be evicted from a house without due process of law if they have been staying there from before. There is three enactments that can be applied. * Under section 125 of the CrPC, a magistrate can order a child to maintain his old parents under the Maintenance of Parents Act. The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act say an aged parent can demand maintenance from children in the same way that a wife can demand it from her husband. * The Domestic Violence Act too provides parents with the right to seek relief from any kind of abuse. A National Policy on older persons was announced in January 1999 which identified a number of areas of intervention-financial security, healthcare and nutrition, shelter, education, welfare, protection of life and property for the wellbeing of older persons in the country.

Principles of Utilitarianism

Descriptive Analysis The main principle of utility consists in achieving pleasure from life and avoiding pain and suffering. Pain and pleasure are the only instruments that allow a people to define what they should do, as well as govern their actions.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Principles of Utilitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two principles serve as the measurement of right and wrong, as well as the identifiers of cause-and-effect chain (Bentham 457). At this point, the utilitarian theory is also associated with the tools that can provide individuals and community with happiness through recognition of felicity as the foundation of all human actions. The main purpose of utilitarian theory also lies in either increasing or reducing the happiness of an individual at issue. In the majority of cases, the theory acknowledges the community’s interest as the major purpose. Pleasu re can be presented to greater or lesser degree in terms of its intensity, duration, remoteness, and happiness. According to Mill, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (461). The theorist identifies happiness with pleasure and freedom from pain. Pleasures can originate from broader contexts in terms of both quality and quantity. Additionally, it is suggested that utilitarianism correlates with the natural sense deriving from people’s social nature. Consequently, in case society embraces the principles of utility from an ethical perspective, people can internalize these rules as a foundation for morale. The only thing that people desire is happiness and, therefore, it should build the basis of morale and ethics. All objects and processes in which people are involved serve as means for achieving happiness and pleasure. Finally, utility also focuses on sense of justice that endows peo ple with the right to happiness. To attain happiness and pleasure, a human should cultivate only noble character traits that will contribute to his/her intellectual and cultural growth. The theorists insist that utilitarianism imposes sanctions similar to other moral systems. The sanctions can imply both internal and external dimensions. External sanctions are availably to the human agent from beyond, such as the divine pleasure, or the society’s approval or disapproval. Internal sanctions are composed of feelings creating discomfort when human’s actions oppose the internal duty.Advertising Looking for critical writing on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point, both sanctions control the development of right standards for achieving pleasure and happiness. Finally, it is also argued that the morality and ethics of actions should be justified as soon as they are directed at achieving happiness. H owever, to prove that happiness is morally justified, it is necessary to demonstrate that individuals never strive to achieve anything except for happiness. Additionally, people indeed desire such things as virtue that is closely associated with happiness. Assessment The articles expand on the discussion and evaluation of pleasure and happiness. Specifically, the theorists argue that happiness premises on higher faculties and, therefore, should be highly appraised. The meaning of happiness should be expanded to various forms of pleasure. In this respect, a possible objection to the principle of utility arises in terms of the major components of happiness. Utilitarianism also insists that happiness is composed of many experiences and virtues that people appraise. From an individual perspective, the main controversy concerns the idea that human desire constitutes the only motivation for actions. Nevertheless, the rightfulness of action is often measured by subjective evaluation of an individual and the surrounding people. However, such a perspective contradicts the theory of justice that refers directly to the discussion of rights. According to the principle of utility, the right implies that a person has a reason for the community to protect him/her against violations. The centre of debates relies on the criticism of considering the concept of right and justice in the context of utilitarianism. Nevertheless, the rights should be an integral component of utility because violating the rights of other individuals in the community will not contribute to its happiness. From a social perspective, justice constitutes the basis of utilize because the sense of justice is rooted in human’s actions. A person desire to punish another person for the harmful action he/she committed. Such a decisions stems from the feeling of self-defense, which is also considered as a moral one because lack of protection does not imply happiness and freedom from pain. Despite the fact that human rights are conceptualized in the principle of utility, there is a big controversy on this issue. Specifically, the rights are not grounded in human nature; rather, they are premised on utility because they are important for sustaining human culture and well-being. At this point, rights are crucial for achieving the greatest happiness, and people must introduce laws and restrictions that can make people observe these rights. In this respect, the proposed readings provide a profound account and analysis of the main aspects of utilitarianism, as well as how it describes human actions. Additionally, pursuing happiness as the major purpose of human existence is also justified in terms of ethics and morale because they are needed to respect other people’s rights to happiness and pleasure.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Principles of Utilitarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works C ited Bentham, Jeremy. â€Å"Principle of Utility†. Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. Eds. John Perry and Michael Bratman. UK: Oxford University Press. 1998. 457-460. Print. Mill, John Stuart. â€Å"Utilitarianism†. Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. Eds. John Perry and Michael Bratman. UK: Oxford University Press. 1998. 460-467. Print. This critical writing on Principles of Utilitarianism was written and submitted by user Skyler Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

UK Position Paper Free Trade

UK Position Paper Free Trade UK Position Paper Free Trade Committee: Global Economics Topic: Free Trade Country: United Kingdom Free trade is when one country lowers, or removes, their trade tariffs and gives subsidies on exports and imports to other countries. Free trade is supposed to be a tool used by countries to obtain resources that are scarce in their country while making the most of the local resources that are available. Instead, large corporations in developed countries who mass produce goods use the free trade agreements of lower tariffs and subsidies to sell their goods in third world countries, which hurts local businesses. This results in an unequal distribution of wealth because the developed nations will exercise a protectionist policy when it come to agricultural trade, which happens to be third countries’ biggest export. These protectionist policies make it hard for third world nations to compete equally in the global market, and thus occurs the conflict of viewpoints on free trade. The first cause of this problem is the fact that third world countries strongly believe in the protectionist view on trade. This is because smaller third world nations know that the only way their domestic economy can grow is by limiting, or eliminating, foreign competition. By radically increasing the tariffs for imports in their country, this will decrease the international competition faced by local manufacturers, and will allow the the local economies to grow, thus increasing the country’s GDP and strengthening their economy. These countries are aware that with no tariffs large multinational corporations can come in and monopolize the market of their choosing, and that small local businesses are the only way their economy can grow. Developed nations also have caused problems with free trade by overemphasizing its importance. They often times blame the fact that third nations have not lowered their tariffs, and this is why their economy is so stagnant. But when third world countries open up their trading boundaries, large countries like the USA take advantage of these low tariffs. A 2002 study showed that the US exported wheat 43% below its production cost, creating tough competition for local farmers. This low export price faced from the US is what allows them to sell their goods at such a low price in the international markets, which consequently hinders the growth of local businesses and the overall economic growth of the country. The UN is in cooperation with the World Trade Organization to help moderate free trade negotiations between countries. In July 2009, the UN wanted to â€Å"resist all protectionist tendencies and rectify any protectionist measures already taken,† which shows that the UN leans towards a more free trading style between countries. They have mediated several hundred negotiations in the past such as NAFTA and other large international trade agreements. The UK strongly supports the concept of free trade as much of our economic strength depends on our trading relations with other countries. As a member of the European Union and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership the UK notes that strong economic ties with countries all over the world is the best way for an economy to grow. Countries can benefit from trade and investment with other countries while specializing in a specific good to export to other nations, thus increasing domestic production rates and strengthening the economy. A country like Iraq is

Summary response essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary response - Essay Example The Fourth Trust is a memoir of Dr. Jane Goodall that elaborates how her childhood experience in caring for all sorts of animals taught her important values in life such as respect and care for nature. The basic tenet of Dr. Goodall’s philosophy comes from this statement â€Å"Children’ relationship to animals then can be a means of teaching compassion and kindness† ( Jane Goodall and Mark Bekoff, The Fourth Trust,p.69). Even as a young child, Dr. Goodall learned about compassion by actively engaging with her natural surroundings. Living in apartment never stifled her interests for creatures as she kept a dog in their apartment. As soon as their family moved to a house with a backyard, she pursued her dream of caring for whatever animal needed her attention. Even her little misdemeanor that called the police into her house was the result of her curiosity about where eggs really come from. The Fourth Trust tells us that children who were exposed to animals â€Å"tend to be kind to animals as adults and to be loving and compassionate individuals â€Å"(Goodall and Bekoff, p.68). A concrete example of this was the case of the orphan named Peter. The child’s first experience with the white rabbit taught him a different perspective in life. He suddenly became concerned about the rabbit by asking if it was hurt when he stroked it. If all children coming from disadvantaged families have the chance to interact with creatures in a loving manner, perhaps, they can become more kind to other humans as well. An animal is a creature not capable of fighting back to a human being unless it is a wild animal of course. People learn tolerance and respect when they do not abuse their power and pick on weaker beings. Because of this situation, Dr. Goodall made it her life’s mission to spread to the world her philosophy. The dream became true when teen-agers in her community expressed their

How Chrisianity religion in a way protecting world enivornment (how it Research Paper

How Chrisianity religion in a way protecting world enivornment (how it relate to ecology) - Research Paper Example spiritually and socially bound with God and with each other respectively in a culture where coexistence with nature or the rest of creation on Earth inevitably essential. This simultaneous connection with the environment and God, an entirely unseen supreme entity known to be the Creator and is above all creation, undoubtedly bore huge impact in the process of establishing human civilization. At the dawning of the environmental movement, optimistic attitude by people seemed sufficient in dealing with the issues of the environment so they initiated planting trees, tidying up waterways and various streams, setting up parks, and fixing highways for safety while maintaining some aesthetic value for men to utilize attraction as a means to draw mature concern for the ecosystem. Ideals and sentiments, however, have become affected by factors that are quite significant to industrial advancements and general modernization as well as consumerism which operate at the rate that may not be suppressed even if legislation by authority was imposed. Though scientific endeavor has been considered to remedy ecological problems, the latter’s condition continue to worsen instead. A collection of scientists from different nations with Nobel-acclaimed laureates necessitated a warning to humanity: â€Å"Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course. Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for human society – and may so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know. Fundamental changes are urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present course will bring about.† Apparently, even with the collaboration of science, a lack of conviction for something higher than the prevailing cause and something of profound intrinsic value serves to make humanity realize that spiritual

Perception Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Perception - Research Paper Example Many individuals mistake these two separate entities as one in the same. This paper will distinguish the difference between the two and provide clarity of each one’s function. This paper will also define how we as individuals acquire a cultural sense of sensation and perception through our experiences. This paper will define terms that will help you understand the history behind the functions of sensation and perception. The research in this paper will define abnormalities that can affect sensation and perception and the effects of those abnormalities as well as medical research and breakthroughs. Perception and Sensing of Our Everyday Environment Perception and Sensation though working together are different entities performing different functions. The functions performed by both perception and sensation are important to the interpretation of how we experience everyday life in the world around us. Sensation and perception are answerable to the brain. The brain is like a telep hone pole and sensation and perception are some of the wires plugged into it to communicate. Perception and sensation to diffuse the confusion honed by most must be described and defined individually. Let’s begin by first defining sensation and describing sensations functions. Myers (2009) observes or defines sensation as the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. So what does this mean in laymen’s terms? Basically sensation is the signal we send to our brain that represents our physical experiences in this world we live in. Sensation receptors are recognized by the brain through receiving input up to the brain, which the brain interprets and sends out. There are several interpretation methods that we know as the senses. The five senses are vision, hearing, tasting, touching and smelling. These five senses are used on a daily basis and play very important roles in our everyday lives. Witho ut the use of the five senses, the function of sensation would not exist in our world. Vision is the way we see and interpret the world around us. Vision occurs through the eyes. The eyes have several components that receive and send out light to form visual images. The eye contains several parts, the cornea, the iris, the pupil, the lens, the retina, the fovea, the rods and cones, and the optic nerve to name a few. For the sake of the length of research I will only cover a few parts to give the summarization of the eye’s function and how it transmits to the brain. The parts of the eye that will be discussed are the retina, the rods and the cones and the optic nerve. The â€Å"retina is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information† (Myers, 2009) The â€Å"rods are the retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond† (Myers, 2009) The â€Å"cones are retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retinal that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations† (Myers, 2009) The â€Å"optic nerve is the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain† (Myers, 2009) So basically when putting all these functions together here is what happens. Once light enters the eye through the cornea, the retina processes the light through

Samuel Clarkes Cosmological Argument

Samuel Clarkes Cosmological Argument In this essay I will show that while Clarke makes a strong claim that our experience establishes the existence of chains of dependent beings, and that the chain must be (a) caused by an aprioi cause or be an aspect of an infinite continuation of contingent beings which begins with a necessary/independent being; the argument does not justify the possibility of an independent, contingent deity that caused the universe. This conclusion will be supported by a string of critiques and a discussion of the arguments objections. The Argument Philosopher Samuel Clarke put forth a modern formulation of the cosmological argument taking a slightly different path than Aquinass famous cosmological argument. But like Aquinas, Clarke adopts the premise that all beings that we encounter must have causes. Contrary to Aquinas, Clarke differentiates between contingent and necessary beings. The contrast he draws is such that if a being owes its existence to a cause then it is dependent; otherwise it is independent. Our experience shows us that there are chains of dependent beings, but, as Clarke points out, they must either (1) be caused by a necessary being or (2) be an aspect of an infinite continuation of contingent beings which, as Clarke explains, either begins with a necessary/independent being or is part of an infinite series which exhausts the possible logical origins for any continuation of beings. According to the above argument, if all continuations of contingent beings must be infinite or start with a necessary being, then Clarke, simply, is able to falsify infinte continuations and hence demonstrate the existence of an independant being. He calls the concept of infinite continuations absurd, as he follows another route to argue for a necessary being. Clarke points out that the series, as a whole, of dependent beings requires an explanation. Since every individual entity of the series is contingent, the entire series taken as a single entity is contingent. Suppose, Clarke further explains, we take the set of dependent beings as part of a long series where each entity is depends on some previous entity for existence. Then the whole series contingent. But the series cannot be contingent on something outside the set of contingent beings. Thus, Clarke argues, there must exist an independant being to cause the series. Criticisms and Objections The existence of an entity can be explained in three ways: (1) It may be explained by another being, (2) it might be explained by itself, or (3) it may be explained by nothing. Now, the first two cases are accounted for in Clarkes argument. Part (1) is a dependent being. Part (2) is an independent being. But part (3) is not accounted for in Clarkes argument. This point is not sufficent to prove the soundness of the argument. Because it is possible that every existent entity depends on another in an infinte continuation of contingent beings. If this is true, every member of the series is accounted for and to explain the existence of the series, we must suppose an independent being. This leads to the conclusion that Clarkes argument is only as good as his premise every being requires a cause. Whether we accept that premise or not is a controversial topic. One could say that the premise is doubtful and not obvious at all. Also, one may argue that the premise is just an assumption that people make, this cannot be taken as a truth. This leads to the premise being questionable and then, by extension, so is the argument. If, according to Clarke, there is cause for every existence, then one could object that what is the cause of the independent, contingent deity? Another objection to the argument could be that, necessary existence has no meaning. If there were a necessarily existent being, it could be possible that the universe itself is that necessarily existent, independent, being, removing any need for a contingent deity as cause of the universe. Why is it not possible that the universe exists and always will from an infinite series of expansions, such as the big bang, and contractions? Even if we suppose that there is an independent, contingent, being, the cosmological argument is lacking of all properties that humans attribute to the first cause of any religion. Clarkes argument would be stronger if he ascribed the characteristics of our portrayal of God (all-good, all-knowing, all-powerful, etc) to his independent being. Also, an infinite chain of objects, each caused by the prior object, does not require any explanation; the chain is explained by the conjoined explanation of its parts. Say we observe a continual stream of vehicles on a street and we are capable of explaining why each vehicle in the stream was there. The first vehicle bound towards work; the second vehicles destination is the mall, and so forth. It does not make sense to ask why there is a stream of vehicles on the street at all. Explaining each individual part of the stream suffices to explain the whole stream.2 Conclusion In sum, Clarkes modern formulation of the cosmological argument proves to be as strong as his principal premise all beings must have causes; and the acceptance of such a premise is arguable. The argument fails to stand up against the stream of objections and criticisms. Clarke does not sufficiently justify his claim that a collection of dependent beings is itself independent in his argument. William Rowe tried to strengthen and clarify Clarkes account by explaining the role of principal of sufficient reason in the argument, but concludes that the cosmological argument is only as strong as the principal of sufficient reason. Thus, the status of the argument remains uncertain.

Double Vision :: Personal Narrative Writing

Double Vision We met at Astor Place. I said hello, she said hi. Her face was the same as I remembered. It was a Sunday afternoon in autumn, and the wind made her cheeks rosy. She smiled curiously. Looking back, maybe it was less the wind and more the circumstances. It had been quite sometime since our last encounter, two months, if my memory served me. â€Å"Shall we,† I said leading the way. Down the stairs of the subway station we passed through the turnstile, I first, then she. Subway’s no way for a good man to go down, rich man won’t ride and the hobo he can drown. Waiting for the 6 train I began to fidget, as Elton John’s lyrics bounced back and forth in my mind. She attempted to talk over the roar of the uptown train. â€Å"How was your summer?† she loudly inquired. And I thank the lord â€Å"Is that what you really want to ask?† I shouted back. for the people I have found. She turned her head and nodded, as the train rolled to a stop. The doors opened and the people poured out, filling the platform. Her body backed into mine, and a faint, familiar fragrance swept through me. Time stood as the aroma lingered. A heartbeat later we were fighting our way through the entanglement. Entering the passenger car, we managed to find an empty seat. The smell of her hair. I remembered that, I remembered the morning after finding my face softly nestled in a pillow of blonde, breathing her in. She had yet to wake, and the sun rising through her barred apartment windows painted crisscrossing patterns on her exposed back. â€Å"14TH STREETUNION SQUARE. THIS IS A BRONX BOUND 6 TRAIN, NEXT STOP 23RD STREET.† The mechanical voice stole me back to the present. Gathering myself I apologized to her. â€Å"Whatever for?† she asked. â€Å"I’m not quite myself today, I, um, I seem to have lost my words†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I trailed off watching the child in the seat across from me wriggle in the arms of his mother, fighting for his freedom, the mother’s face a picture of exhaustion. â€Å"Don’t give it a second thought, sometimes it’s nice to be alone, alone with someone else,† she said. Through the reflection in the window in front of me, I stole a glance at her face as she spoke those last words.